Showing posts with label Democratic Waves. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Democratic Waves. Show all posts

Monday, October 29, 2012

On US, Britain, China, Great Power Politics, Democratic Waves, and Huntington, by Christopher Michels


           When the question came up in class October Second on which country or countries influence the U.S.A, my mind immediately went to England. Fair enough that I would think that, considering they founded this country originally, and the characteristics of that culture are the same characteristics that our country adopted in the 1700’s. Even the way America cuts its grass is from English tradition. Cutting ones grass represented wealth in England, and the tradition of constantly mowing lawns remains today. And though powdered wigs are a thing of the past, there are still traces of the United States modeling itself after England.

            Through tradition, many values today still reflect the early culture of the U.S. A vast majority of the country speaks English; we still abide by the Constitution and look with honor upon the Declaration of Independence. However, aside from these early cultural effects present day United States is more modeled after different countries, such as Japan, China, and even our own neighbors like Canada. China itself has many similarities to the U.S. The U.S and China have the two largest economies in the world, both countries use up most of the world’s oil, and both countries have large populations, China having the largest in the world. (China.usc.edu) Populations are not something that the U.S. models itself after, however, so one must look further into the relationship between the countries to see the relationship. One major aspect of life that the U.S does in fact model after China is our Economy. While our democracy does cause some differences for our economy than theirs, they still have a booming economy, which is something we could learn from, being in the crisis that we are now. China is also a leading country in trying to decrease the amount of greenhouse gasses going into the atmosphere, and in a constantly changing green time, the U.S is right behind China, doing its best to help the environment. The facts are there that the U.S and China are both leading countries of the world today, and because of this, it is nearly impossible for the U.S not to model itself after China. If something China is doing is working well, the U.S will do the same thing to get great results, and vice versa. 

As for other countries that the U.S is modeling itself after, I would say that it’s not many. If anything, the United States tries to make its own path and set an example for other countries. I know that this sounds selfish, and America already has a reputation for being stuck-up, but being a major superpower, America was already thrust into a leadership position. Technology-wise and as far as education goes, the U.S is constantly looking to Japan. And Germany right now has a great economy and the United States is for sure looking at that. Russia is another large superpower that the U.S is always butting heads with, but not so much modeling itself after. The idea of Democracy that America has can go as far back as early Greece, but we twisted it into our own way.

            October Second also brought up the topic of Democracy going up in down, the analogy being waves. The waves of democracy often start with a war, such as in the first, which was triggered after the American and French revolutions. Democracy always seemed like a peaceful idea to me, so it seems strange that violence is a major triggering point. It makes sense however, for through troubled times ideas like Democracy guide peoples actions. Economic and Cultural factors also greatly influence democracy, according to the Stanford News. According to research, working classes rise up through great economic conditions, and they then seek power, which is a triggering point for democracy. This goes hand and hand with capitalism, however, capitalism does not need to be present to trigger Democracy.

            I think that Democracy is different and varies country to country like we discussed in class, some countries may want to become more of a democracy, but do not have the drive, the resources, or the authority to do so. I know that I take advantage of the democracy I have in the United States. While I was given it from birth, others are fighting for it, and blood is constantly being spilt. The majority of the people in the country might not even all want the same thing, which could pose some problems.

            Following with Samuel Huntington’s democratic waves, there also has to be reverse waves too, for waves rise and fall repeatedly. The reverse waves are comprised of military coups and regimes such as the Nazis and Fascists. This is interesting to me, for neither the Nazi party nor the Fascists had the same values as the Democracy in America has. Personally, I think it stinks that there are reverse waves, and I don’t quite understand them. I do not see them as reverse waves as much as struggles in achieving democracy. Democracy cannot be obtained overnight, and now both Germany and Italy have some sort of Democracy going on. They had to learn from their mistakes to get to where they are today.

            I realized while writing the blog that the two topics of conversation in this class correlate to one another. The leading countries in the world such as the United States and China set examples for other cultures, even with our freedom and democracy. This is why the United States and Russia were at odds with one another before, Communism and Democracy were both being pursued by developing countries, and neither country wanted to see their ideals slip through the cracks. The United States of America has a very tough position in the world today. Being a superpower, all eyes are going to be on her. The Democracy she has is an example to all others.


www.uio.no
http://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-research-areas/democracy/news-and-events/events/conferences/2012/papers-2012/Strand-Hegre-Gates-Dahl-wshop7.pdf
China.Usc.Edu
http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=1543&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1

4th Wave of Democracy? by Cole Meunier


Syrian Rebel Fighters in Aleppo

Samuel Huntington believed that democratization came in spikes over periods of time. For example the first spike came with the French and the American revolutions. For every spike to occur you must also have a fall, for instance in the 1920’s and 1930’s in Europe with fascism. You may be wondering, what does this have to do with anything, but this involves the world still today. Some would even say that a fourth spike may be happening now in the Middle East and Northern Africa, or you may have heard it as the Arab Spring.
With the Arab Spring being the fourth democratic wave and the French and American revolutions being the first means that there are two others. The second wave came post WWII with Japan, Germany and Turkey. Following this peak, Turkey fell away from democracy during a military coup in the 60’s, along with many Latin American countries. This led to the next wave of democracy in the 1970’s with Spain, Greece and Turkey back to Democracy. With a rise in democracy, it led to another reversal in the Balkans during the 1990’s. This then leads to the fourth and most current wave of democratization, with the Arab Spring.
The Arab spring started in late 2010 to the beginning of 2011. It  began due to the lack of human rights,  and abuse of dictatorships, along with many other factors. The citizens began to start protesting due to the issues. Many of the younger citizens became more internet savvy and were able to set up many protests through social media. This led to many countries filtering and censoring the internet even more than they may have already. In some cases countries such as Libya, Egypt and Syria have had full internet shutdown for periods of time to help stop the spread of the democratic ideologies. This would only make the riots even more important in the eyes of the rioters.
16 countries have witnessed large numbers of their citizens protesting, including four countries which successfully forced their leaders from power including; Tunisia, Yemen, Egypt, and Libya. This then leads to a whole new problem where the people now choose the new government. Tunisia had this problem after 14 January 2011 when president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was taken from power after very large political protests. All current members of the government were ousted and banned from ever going back, regardless of whether they were later elected or not. Mohammed Ghannouchi then became the prime minister. With protests still continuing the prime minister stepped down and democratic elections were held in October. On the 23rd of October citizens of Tunisia voted in a 217 member constituent assembly which was now in charge of creating a brand new constitution. The moderate Islamist party won the election with 37% of the vote. This now gave the Arab Spring a flagship country about what could happen with the democratic revolution. With a state like this I believe that it has influenced many others and motivated other Arab revolutions.
As was said before, Tunisia wasn’t the only country to oust its leader but that it was the first to succeed, giving hope to many other states. Egypt started its revolution just 11 days after Tunisia ousted its leader. Egypt’s revolution was very similar to Tunisia, and ended up electing Mohammed Mursi as the first democratically elected president through the Supreme Constitutional Court, by judges within the government. Not all countries were as lucky to go through a revolution so smooth and non-violent. Countries such as Libya and Syria were plunged into civil war.
The Syrian protests began around the same time as many of the other countries around mid-January 2011. On the 6th of March, 15 children were arrested by Syrian security forces, which spawned an even larger amount of protesters. By mid-April hundreds of thousands of protesters began gathering in the main square of Homs. This worried the president Bashar-al-Assad, and on the 31st of July he sent tanks into many cities to quell the uprising. This led to one of the biggest days of the uprising with an unconfirmed amount of 136 citizens killed. Bloodshed would continue even to this day, 18 months from the beginning of the uprising with the total number of deaths rising beyond 20,000 total, along with over 100,000 refugees in Turkey and tens of thousands in Jordan, testing the capabilities of these countries to provide support in these quantities. This has led to international talks with the U.N. about foreign intervention. This strategy did work in Libya where NATO Forces proceeded with a no-fly zone, but it is unknown whether it will work against Syria due to its larger military force, as the number of defecting officers is much lower than other states, therefore keeping domestic support.  Along with the no-fly zone in Libya it also had a large number of military defectors. Unless this occurs in Syria, I believe that any revolution will be crushed by a military take over.
With all of the refugees flooding into the surrounding states, I feel that these governments will be the most pressured to act rather than states from afar. If Syria were to have foreign intervention, Turkey will more than likely be the state that would intervene solely, at least in the beginning. They are the one of the few states that are involved now due to the fact that mortars are landing on their soil and killing Turkish civilians. And rightfully so I believe that they should at least to protect their own territory, but as for ousting Bashar al-Assad, I believe this is in the hands of the Syrian people.
It may still be too early to tell if the Arab Spring truly is the fourth wave of democratization, but only time will tell.

All information on this blog was found on:
www.bbc.co.uk